Sulforaphane Protects Mle-12 Lung Epithelial Cells against Oxidative Damage Caused by Ambient Air Particulate Matter

Ambient air particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters ≤2.5 μm (PM(2.5)) can cause pulmonary injury. Oxidative stress is thought to be an important mechanism of PM(2.5)-mediated toxicity. Sulforaphane (SFN), a compound derived from cruciferous vegetables, is a well-known potent antioxidant; however, its protective effect on lung epithelial cells exposed to PM(2.5) is unclear. The results showed that SFN pre-treatment markedly inhibited PM(2.5)-induced apoptosis of the type II alveolar epithelial cell line MLE-12 by elevating glutathione S-transferase levels and decreasing reactive oxygen species. SFN pre-treatment down-regulated the expression of the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and Bad, and reduced the activity of caspase-3, while it up-regulated the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Moreover, SFN induced the activation of the Akt and ERK pathways, and up-regulated the expression of Nrf2 and its downstream antioxidant genes NQO-1 and HO-1. This is the first study to demonstrate that SFN could protect MLE-12 cells against PM(2.5)-induced oxidative damage via activation of the Nrf2 pathway and inhibition of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway; therefore, SFN may be a promising compound for preventing PM(2.5)-triggered pulmonary cell damage.

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